Task 3 (Structure) Adjective Clause

3. Adjective Clause

Adjective clause is also called a relative clause, namely clause (the clause) used / serves as an adjective a noun or pronoun to explain the situation. For more details, explanation of the Adjective Clause.

Other sentences written with adjectives:

• London is a large city.

• Jacob is an honest man.

• We have had enough exercises.

• There has not been sufficient rain this year.

• The hand has five fingers.

• Most boys like cricket.

• America is a rich country.

• Nile is a long river

• Harvard is the name of the oldest university.

• She is a beautiful student.

            Example:

• I have read the book (that) you just mentioned.

Main Clause: I have read the book.

Subordinate Clause: (that) you just mentioned.

Clause describes a noun the book called the Adjective Clause

• The lesson (that) she is learning is very difficult.

Main Clause: The lesson is very difficult.

Subordinate Clause: (that) she is learning.

Based on the antecedent is appointed by the introductory words (the words of his predecessor), Adjective clause can be classified into 2 types, namely:

1. Relative Pronoun

• Kata Ganti Orang
  
  Kata Penghubung yang digunakan adalah : Who, Whom, Whose, That
  
  Fungsi :
  
  a. Subjek:
  
  - He paid the money to the man who / that had done the work
  
  b. Objek Kata Kerja:
  
  - He paid the man whom/that he had hired.
  
  c. Objek Kata Depan:
  
  - He paid the man from whom he had borrowed the money.
  
  d. Kata Ganti Kepunyaan:
  
  - This is the girl whose picture you saw.

• Benda, Binatang
  
  Kata Penghubung yang digunakan adalah: Which, that
  
  Fungsi:
  
  a. Subjek:
  
  - Here is a book which/that describes animals.
  
  b. Objek Kata Kerja:
  
  - The chair which/that he broke is being repaired.
  
  c. Objek Kata Depan:
  
  - She was wearing the coat for which she had paid $2,00.

2. Relative Adverbs

• Waktu
  
  Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: when
  
  - This is the year when the Olympic Games are held.

• Tempat
  
  Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: where
  
  - Here is the house where I live.

• Alasan
  
  Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: when
  
  - Give me one good reason why you did that.

Task 3 (Structure) Adverb Clause

2. Adverb Clause

Adverbial clause is a clause (the clause) that serves as an Adverb, which describes a verb.
Adverbial clause is usually classified based on the "meaning / intent" of the conjunction (conjunctions which preceded it).

Examples:

In the following sentences the adverb-clauses have been colored blue.

• He is such a good man that all respect him.

• A fire raged so strong that London was burnt down.

• The Romans built in such a way that the walls are still standing.

• He spoke in such a low voice that few could hear him.

• So terrible a disease broke out that only few people survived.

• Heavy rain fell that the rivers were soon in flood.

• I was so weak that I could not speak.

• It is so small that no one could see that.

• Though he scolded me, yet I love him.

• Even if it rains, I shall come.

The types of adverbial clause include:

1. Clause of Time 

Clause which shows the time. Usually made ​​by using conjunction (conjunctions) like after, before, no Sooner, while, ace, etc..

Example:

• Shut the door before you go out.
• You may begin when(ever) you are ready.
• While he was walking home, he saw an accident.
• By the time I arrive, Alex will have left.
• No sooner had she entered than he gave an order.

2. Clause of Place

Clause that indicates the place. Usually made ​​using such conjunction Nowhere, nowhere, anywhere, Wherever, etc.

Example:

• They sat down wherever they could find empty seats
• The guard stood where he was positioned.
• Where there is a will, there is a way.
• Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.
• Go where you like.

3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)

Clause that indicates the existence of a conflict between two events or events which are interconnected. Usually made ​​by using conjunction (conjunctions) like although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, etc.

Example:

• As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.
• Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.
• Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer.
• He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.

4. Clause of Manner

Clause that show cars how a work is done or event occurs. Usually made ​​by using conjunction (conjunctive) such as, how, like, in that, etc.

Example:

• He did as I told him.
• You may finish it how you like.
• They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.

5. Clause of Purpose and Result

Clause which shows the relationship intentions / objectives and outcomes. Usually created by using conjunctions such as (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, Lest, in case, etc.

Example:

• They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
• She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
• He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.
• I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.

6. Clause of Cause and Effect

Clause indicating cause and effect relationships. There are some patterns forming this type of clause. Take a good look.

Example:

• Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.
• It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim.
• The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.
• The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.

Example:

• The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.
• I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one.

Example:

• He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.
• The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.

Example:

• It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. ATAU It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.
• It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down. ATAU It was so interesting a book that he couldn't put it down.

Example:

• She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.
• They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
• Perry has had such bad luck that he's decided not to gamble.
• This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.

In addition, to reveal the cause and effect relationships (cause and effect) can be used another pattern, namely:

1. Using preposition (preposition) like because of, due to, due to the fact that, dll

Example:

• Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home because of the cold weather)
• Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the cold weather)
• Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the fact that the weather was cold)

2. Using conjunctions (conjunction) as because, since, now, that, as, as long as, inasmuch as

Example:

• Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.
• Since he's not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.
• As she had nothing in particular to do, she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie.
• Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still remote.

3. Using transition words such as therefore, consequently.

Example:

• Alex failed the test because he didn't study.
• Alex didn't study. Therefore, he failed the test.
• Alex didn't study. Consequently, he failed the test.

Note:

Some Adverb clause modifying Phrases can be turned into a way:

1) Eliminate the subject of dependent Clause and verb (be).

      Example:

a.       ADVERB CLAUSE           : While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend.

b.       MODIFYING PHRASE    : While walking to class, I ran into an old friend.

2) If the Adverb clause does not exist yet, eliminate the subject and change the verb in a clause Adverb-ing it into shape.

      Example:

a.       ADVERB CLAUSE           : Before I left for work, I ate breakfast.

b.       MODIFYING PHRASE    : Before leaving for work, I ate breakfast.

Can be converted into an adverb clause modifying the subject of Phrase if the adverb clause and main clause of the same subject.

      Example:

1. DAPAT DIRUBAH

• While I was sitting in class, I fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, I fell asleep.
• While Ann was sitting in class, she fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, Ann fell asleep.
• Since Mary came to this country, she has made many friends MENJADI Since coming to this country, Mary has made many friends.

2. TIDAK DAPAT DIRUBAH

• While the teacher was lecturing to the class, I fell asleep.
• While we were walking home, a frog hopped across the road in front of us.

7. Clause of Condition

Clause that indicates the existence of requirements between the two events (events) are related. Usually made ​​by using conjunctions such as if, even if, unless, in the even that, or in even that, in case, provided (that), providing (that), on condition that, if only, suppose (that), supposing (that), dll.

            Example:

• If I see him, I will invite him to the party tomorrow.
• She would forgive her husband everything, if only he would come back to her.
• Suppose (that) your house burns down, do you have enough insurance to cover such a loss.
• In case a robbery occurs in the hotel, the management must be notified at once.
• The company will agree to arbitration on condition (that) the strike is called off at once.
• We should be able to do the job for you quickly, provided (that) you give us all the necessary information.

Task 3 (Structure) Noun Clause

1. Noun Clause

  

Noun Clause is a clause that is used as a substitute for functioning as a noun or noun (noun). In addition to this Clause Noun, in fact there are other clauses such as Adverb Clause and Adjective Clause.

Examples Noun Clause :

• I often wonder how you are getting on with him.
• She feared that she would fail.
• They replied that they would come to this town.
• Do you know who stole the watch?

• I thought that it would be fine day.
• No one knows who she is.
• I did not know what he would do next.
• How the budget got in is a mystery.
• Pay careful attention to what I am going to say.
• I do not understand how all it happened

To go into an explanation of Noun Clause, please see the explanation below:

According to the original sentence types, noun clause can be classified into 4 types, namely:
1. Statement (statement)
2. Question (a question)
3. Request (request)
4. Exclamation (appeal).
 

Explanation:

1. Statement

 
     a. Conjunction used is: "that"
     b. The function of this clause are as:

          1) Subject Sentence
               • Kangaroo lives in Australia (statement)
               • That is Australia Kangaroo lives is well known to all (Noun Clause)
          2) The subject sentence after "It"
               • It is well known to All That Kangaroo lives in Australia
          3) Object Complement
               • My conclusion Is that Kangaroo lives in Australia
          4) Objects of Verbs
               • All people well Understand That Kangaroo lives in Australia
          5) Apositif
               • My conclusion is That Kangaroo lives in Australia is correct.

2. Question
A. Yes / No Question
     a. Conjunction used is: "whether (or not / or if)"
     b. The function of this clause are as:

         1) Subject Sentence
             • Can She drives the car? (Question)
             • Whether She can drive the car does not concern me. (Noun Clause)
            = Whether or not She can drive the car does not concern me. (Noun Clause)
            = Whether She can drive the car or not does not concern me. (Noun Clause)
            = Whether or if SHE can drive the car does not concern me. (Noun Clause)
        2) Object Complement
            • My question is whether She can drive the car.
        3) Objects of Verbs
            • I really wonder whether She can drive the car (or not).
        4) Objects Word Home
            • We discussed about whether She can drive the car.

B. Wh-Question
    a. Conjunction used is: "Tanya's own words"
    b. The function of this clause are as:

       1) Subject Sentence
           • What is he doing? (Question)
           • What She is doing does not concern me. (Noun Clause)
       2) Object Complement
           • My question is what She is doing.
       3) Objects of Verbs
           • I really wonder what She is doing.
       4) Objects Word Home
           • We discussed about what She is doing.
Note: Position back to normal, not like the position of a normal question.

3. Request
    a. Conjunction used is: "that"
    b. The function of this clause are as:

      1) Objects of Verbs
          • Read the book! (Request)
          • He suggested that i read the book. (Noun Clause)
Note: An exclamation mark is missing.

4. Exclamation
    a. Conjunction used is: "Tanya is used in the sentence itself"
    b. The function of this clause are as:

     1) Objects of Verbs
         • What a pretty girl She is? (Exclamation)
         • I never realize what a pretty girl She is. (Noun Clause)
     2) Objects Word Home
         • We are talking about what a pretty girl She is.
Additional Notes:
• Noun clause with "that" is used as the subject of a sentence only with certain verbs. And verbs (verb) what is important is the linking verb, especially BE.
• Noun clause with "that" often the object of the verb (the verb), some of these verbs usually have a subject that shows humans. The words are foremost a verb that is used in Indirect Speech Berta verb that states of mental activity. 

a. Indirect Verbs Sentence

Admit, agree, allege, announce, argue, assert, assure, declare, aver, Boast, claim, complaint, Confess, convince, deny, disagree, explain, foretell, hint, inform, INSIST, maintain, notify, persuade, pray, Predict, proclaim, promise, relate, remark, remind, report, say, state, Swear, teach, tell, threaten, warn.

b. Verbs of Mental Activity

Ascertain, assume, believe, calculate, care (for the negative or interrogative sentences), conceive, conclude, consider, convince, Decide, discover, doubt, dream, expect, fancy, feel, find out, forget, grant, guess, Hear, hold (of opinion), hope, imagine, indicate, know, judge, learn, mean, mind (for the negative or interrogative sentences), notice, perceive, presume, pretend, PROVE, question, realize, recall, reckon, recollect, Reflect, regret, Rejoice, remember, reveal, see, show, suppose, surmise, think, trust, understand, wish.

Example:
1. Alex thinks That Mary is ill.
2. Bob Had toll me that he finished breakfast.
3. Henry Says That He is very busy.
4. He insists That there is a mistake.
5. He complained to his friend That his wife could not cook.

• In unofficial conversations (informal) "that" is often omitted from the objects clause if it means (meaning) is clearly understandable in the absence of "that".
Example:
1. I am sorry (that) I could not meet you at the station.
2. He says (that) They plan to come to the dance.
3. We thought (that) Had you already left for abroad.
4. The reason We returned so early is, (that) one of the children got sick.

• Noun clause of the question (question) is located after the verb that requires two objects may serve as one or both of the objects of these verbs.
Example:
1. Give the man (Indirect Object) what is in this envelope (Direct Object)
2. Give what is in the envelope to the man.

• Noun clause of the questions may be preceded by the words that serves as a question: pronouns, adjectives, or adverbs. The words used were: Pronoun = WHO (ever), what (ever (, the which. (Ever), Adjective = Whose, what (ever), which (ever), Adverb = how (ever), Pls (ever) , where (ever), why.
Example:
1. We do not know who Will be coming from the employment agency. (WHO is the subject of the Will be coming)
2. We do not know Whom Will send the employment agency. (Whom is the object of Will send)
3. We will ask whoever comes from the employment agency. (Whoever is the subject of comes)
4. We will ask whomever sends the employment agency. (Whomever is the object of sends)

• In a Noun Clause of the questions, subjects and verbs have a common structure, which is located after the introductory word.

• Noun clause of the request starts with That-clause is most often an object of the verb which states request, suggestion, or desire, and so on.
Example:
1. He is Requesting That a company car be placed at his disposal.
2. That the doctor recommended he take a vacation.
3. It was suggested That She immediately leave.
4. It was proposed That the meeting be adjourned.

• Sometimes "that" which is the beginning of said clause may be replaced with an array of infinitive after verbs indicating such request advise, ask, beg, command, desire, forbid, order, request, require, argue.

• The subject of That-clause often in the passive form of verbs of Requesting the composition of anticipatory it.